Abstract
The intestinal microbiota, composed of pro- and anti-inflammatory microbes, has an essential role in maintaining gut homeostasis and functionality. An overly hygienic lifestyle, consumption of processed and fiber-poor foods, or antibiotics are major factors modulating the microbiota and possibly leading to longstanding dysbiosis. Dysbiotic microbiota is characterized to have altered composition, reduced diversity and stability, as well as increased levels of lipopolysaccharide-containing, proinflammatory bacteria. Specific commensal species as novel probiotics, so-called next-generation probiotics, could restore the intestinal health by means of attenuating inflammation and strengthening the epithelial barrier. In this review we summarize the latest findings considering the beneficial effects of the promising commensals across all major intestinal phyla. These include the already well-known bifidobacteria, which use extracellular structures or secreted substances to promote intestinal health. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis, and Eubacterium hallii metabolize dietary fibers as major short-chain fatty acid producers providing energy sources for enterocytes and achieving anti-inflammatory effects in the gut. Akkermansia muciniphila exerts beneficial action in metabolic diseases and fortifies the barrier function. The health-promoting effects of Bacteroides species are relatively recently discovered with the findings of excreted immunomodulatory molecules. These promising, unconventional probiotics could be a part of biotherapeutic strategies in the future.
Highlights
The human gastrointestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem consisting mainly of bacteria, and viruses and eukaryotic organisms
In this review we summarize the beneficial effects of well-known, promising commensal bacteria on the intestinal epithelial barrier and discuss their possible use as unconventional, so-called next-generation probiotics of the future
B. fragilis communicates with the host immune system, e.g., via its polysaccharide A (PSA), which is delivered to dendritic cells packed in outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from the bacterial surface (Table 1) [89]
Summary
The human gastrointestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem consisting mainly of bacteria, and viruses and eukaryotic organisms. An overly hygienic lifestyle with few exposures to environmental microbes, consumption of processed and fiber-poor foods and frequent use antibiotics are considered as major modulators of human microbiota [9] Strong perturbations like these may lead to a state of dysbiosis, which has been associated with a number of human diseases [10]. Microbiota dysbiosis can impair the epithelial barrier leading to so-called leaky gut allowing the intestinal content to be in contact with the host periphery potentially inducing inflammatory responses, which is often observed in several human diseases [12]. In this review we summarize the beneficial effects of well-known, promising commensal bacteria on the intestinal epithelial barrier and discuss their possible use as unconventional, so-called next-generation probiotics of the future. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms known so far behind the health-promoting action of the commensals in the gut
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