The potential natural vegetation of large river floodplains – From dynamic to static equilibrium

Konstantin Ochs,Gregory Egger,Arnd Weber,Teresa Ferreira,John Ethan Householder,Matthias Schneider

doi:10.1016/j.jher.2020.01.005

Abstract

The potential natural vegetation (PNV) is a useful benchmark for the restoration of large river floodplains because very few natural reference reaches exist. Expert-based approaches and different types of ecological models (static and dynamic) are commonly used for its estimation despite the conceptual differences they imply. For natural floodplains a static concept of PNV is not reasonable, as natural disturbances cause a constant resetting of succession. However, various forms of river regulation have disrupted the natural dynamics of most large European rivers for centuries. Therefore, we asked whether the consideration of succession dynamics and time dependent habitat turnover are still relevant factors for the reconstruction of the PNV.To answer this we compared the results of a simulation of the vegetation succession (1872–2016) of a segment of the upper Rhine river after regulation (damming, straightening and bank protection) to different statistic and expert-based modelling approaches for PNV reconstruction. The validation of the different PNV estimation methods against a set of independent reference plots and the direct comparison of their results revealed very similar performances. We therefore conclude that due to a lack of large disturbances, the vegetation of regulated large rivers has reached a near-equilibrium state with the altered hydrologic regime and that a static perception of its PNV may be justified. Consequently, statistical models seem to be the best option for its reconstruction since they need relatively few resources (data, time, expert knowledge) and are reproducible.

Highlights

River floodplains are amongst the most species‐rich and productive ecosystems (Naiman and Decamps, 1997)
We argue that for floodplains of unregulated rivers the original static concept of potential natural vegetation (PNV) based on a climax stage of vegetation is not reasonable because successional sequences are repeatedly rejuvenated and reset by hydro-geomorphological disturbances (Pringle et al, 1988)
We investigated whether the consideration of succession dynamics and habitat turnover are still relevant factors for the model-based reconstruction of the PNV of regulated large river floodplains

Summary

Introduction

River floodplains are amongst the most species‐rich and productive ecosystems (Naiman and Decamps, 1997). These ecosystems are one of the most threatened and modified worldwide (Tockner and Stanford, 2002), highlighting the need for conservation and restoration efforts (Buijse et al, 2002; Myers et al, 2000) Such efforts, are challenged by a lack of natural reference sites for orientation (Whited et al, 2007). PNV was first defined by Tuxen (1956) as the vegetation that would develop under present site conditions if human influences were excluded completely, and succession would reach its climax stage at once It has often been thought of as an historic, pre-human reference condition (Hall and McGlone, 2006; Willis and Birks, 2006).

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Conclusion