Abstract
Several important vegetable crops grown outdoors in temperate climates in Europe can be damaged by the root-feeding larvae of Diptera (Delia radicum, Delia floralis, Chamaepsila rosae, Delia platura, Delia florilega, Delia antiqua). Knowledge of pest insect phenology is a key component of any Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy, and this review considers the methods used to monitor and forecast the occurrence of root-feeding flies as a basis for decision-making by growers and the ways that such information can be applied. It has highlighted some current management approaches where such information is very useful for decision support, for example, the management of C. rosae with insecticidal sprays and the management of all of these pests using crop covers. There are other approaches, particularly those that need to be applied at sowing or transplanting, where knowledge of pest phenology and abundance is less necessary. Going forward, it is likely that the number of insecticidal control options available to European vegetable growers will diminish and they will need to move from a strategy which often involves using a single ‘silver bullet’ to a combination of approaches/tools with partial effects (applied within an IPM framework). For the less-effective, combined methods, accurate information about pest phenology and abundance and reliable decision support are likely to be extremely important.
Highlights
Several important vegetable crops grown outdoors in temperate climates can be damaged by the root-feeding larvae of Diptera, the larvae of Delia radicum (L.), D.platura (Meigen), D. florilega (Zetterstedt), D. antiqua (Meigen), D. floralis (Fallén) and Chamaepsila rosae (Fabricius)
This paper has arisen from a European ERA-NET C-Integrated Pest Management (IPM) project called FlyIPM (Integrated control of root-feeding fly larvae infesting vegetable crops), which considers all of these species
In the context of climate change, the use of decision support tools coupled with monitoring activities can provide information about changes in phenology that arise as an adaptation to increasing temperatures or other factors
Summary
Several important vegetable crops grown outdoors in temperate climates can be damaged by the root-feeding larvae of Diptera, the larvae of Delia radicum (L.) (cabbage root fly), D. All are well-adapted to temperate climates and have effective ways of surviving the winter, mainly, but not exclusively, through pupal diapause These species infest a wide range of important crops, being pests of Brassicaceae, e.g., cabbage, cauliflower (D. radicum, D. floralis, D. platura), Apiaceae e.g., carrot, parsnip (C. rosae), Alliaceae, e.g., onion (D. antiqua, D. platura, D. florilega) and several other plant families, e.g., pea, bean, sweetcorn, courgette (D. florilega, D. platura). This review considers the approaches taken to monitor and forecast the occurrence of root-feeding flies as a basis for decision-making by growers and how they might be used and in the future, to improve the management of the root-feeding fly pests of vegetable crops. This paper has arisen from a European ERA-NET C-IPM project called FlyIPM (Integrated control of root-feeding fly larvae infesting vegetable crops), which considers all of these species. The project consortium consisted of nine partner organisations in eight European countries
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