Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite considerable achievements in lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, the global control of the disease remains problematic. In this respect, greater understanding of the disease pathology is crucially needed for earlier diagnosis and more successful treatment to be achieved. Exosomes are nano-sized particles secreted from most cells, which allow cross talk between cells and their surrounding environment via transferring their cargo. Tumor cells, just like normal cells, also secrete exosomes that are termed Tumor-Derived Exosome or tumor-derived exosome (TEX). TEXs have gained attention for their immuno-modulatory activities, which strongly affect the tumor microenvironment and antitumor immune responses. The immunological activity of TEX influences both the innate and adaptive immune systems including natural killer cell activity and regulatory T-cell maturation as well as numerous anti-inflammatory responses. In the context of lung cancer, TEXs have been studied in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying tumor metastasis and progression. As such, TEX has the potential to act both as a biomarker for lung cancer diagnosis as well as the response to therapy.
Highlights
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide
tumorderived exosomes (TEX) are involved in modulating the immune response, regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer-associated fibroblast function as well as playing a key role in angiogenesis (Figure 2)
Lung cancer cell-associated TEX contain miR-21 and -29a which can both bind to intracellular toll-like receptors (TLRs) on immune cells including natural killer cells (NKs), and thereby trigger a pro-meta static inflammatory response due to activation of NF-κB eventually resulting in metastasis and tumor growth [16]
Summary
Potential Biomarkers and Immunological Effects of TumorDerived Exosomes in Lung Cancer. Despite considerable achievements in lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, the global control of the disease remains problematic. In this respect, greater understanding of the disease pathology is crucially needed for earlier diagnosis and more successful treatment to be achieved. Just like normal cells, secrete exosomes that are termed TumorDerived Exosome or tumor-derived exosome (TEX). The immunological activity of TEX influences both the innate and adaptive immune systems including natural killer cell activity and regulatory T-cell maturation as well as numerous anti-inflammatory responses. TEX has the potential to act both as a biomarker for lung cancer diagnosis as well as the response to therapy
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