Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a well-characterized human pathogen that produces toxins associated with diarrheal and emetic foodborne diseases. To investigate the possible transmission of B. cereus on lettuce farms in China and determine its enterotoxicity, (I) a total of 524 samples (lettuce: 332, soil: 69, water: 57, manure: 57, pesticide: 9) were collected from 46 lettuce farms in five Chinese provinces, (II) multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to classify B. cereus isolates and for trace analysis, and (III) the presence of toxin genes and enterotoxins (Hbl and Nhe) was detected in 68 strains. The results showed that one hundred and sixty-one lettuce samples (48.5%) tested positive for B. cereus at levels ranging from 10 to 5.3 × 104 CFU/g. Among the environmental sample categories surveyed, the highest positive rate was that of the pesticide samples at 55.6%, followed by soil samples at 52.2% and manure samples at 12.3%. Moreover, one hundred isolates of B. cereus yielded 68 different sequence types (STs) and were classified into five phylogenetic clades. Furthermore, Nhe toxin genes (nheA, nheB, nheC) were broadly distributed and identified in all 68 strains (100%), while Hbl toxin genes (hblA, hblC, hblD) were present in 61 strains (89.7%), entFM was detected in 62 strains (91.2%), and cytK was found in 29 strains (42.6%). All strains were negative for ces. As for the enterotoxin, Nhe was observed in all 68 isolates carrying nheB, while Hbl was present in 76.5% (52/68) of the strains harboring hblC. This study is the first report of possible B. cereus transmission and of its potential enterotoxicity on lettuce farms in China. The results showed that soil and pesticides are the main sources of B. cereus on lettuce farms in China, and the possible transmission routes are as follows: soil-lettuce, manure-lettuce, pesticide-lettuce, manure-soil-lettuce, and water-manure-soil-lettuce. Furthermore, the B. cereus isolates, whether from lettuce or the environment, pose a potential risk to health.
Highlights
The World Health Organization recommends a daily intake of 400 g of fresh vegetables for improved health (Park et al, 2018)
Bacillus cereus is widely distributed around the world, and some studies have evaluated B. cereus in vegetables (Gdoura-Ben Amor et al, 2018; Park et al, 2018; Yu et al, 2019), while few studies have examined it in planting environments (Drewnowska et al, 2020)
We determined the occurrence of B. cereus on lettuce farms in five Chinese provinces and determined the possible contamination pathways
Summary
The World Health Organization recommends a daily intake of 400 g of fresh vegetables for improved health (Park et al, 2018). Lettuce is the most widely consumed fresh vegetable and is usually eaten raw with no or minimal processing, increasing the occurrence of lettuce-related foodborne outbreaks, which have gained attention among government agencies, industries, and the public (Bozkurt et al, 2021). Raw lettuce has been reported to harbor foodborne pathogens, such as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes (Abadias et al, 2008; Park et al, 2018; Yu et al, 2019). It is difficult to identify B. cereus isolates, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is recommended in combination with traditional methods to differentiate diverse species of B. cereus (Jung et al, 2011; Maiden et al, 2013; Otlewska et al, 2013; Castiaux et al, 2014; Zhuang et al, 2019)
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