The possible role of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) opioid receptors in the cardiovascular responses in normotensive and hemorrhagic hypotensive rats

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) is involved in cardiovascular regulation. The presence of mu (μ) opioid receptors in the PPT nucleus has been determined. In the present study, the role of this nucleus in normotensive conditions and then the role of these receptors on cardiovascular function in hypotension induced by hemorrhage (HEM) were investigated. Method Animals were divided into the following groups: Group 1: control, Group 2: HEM, Group 3: morphine at dose 100 nmol (a general opioid receptor agonist), Group 4: naloxone at dose 100 nmol (a general opioid receptor antagonist), Group 5: morphine + HEM, and Group 6: naloxone + HEM. After anesthesia, two femoral arteries were cannulated to record the cardiovascular parameters and blood withdrawal. Two minutes after induction of HEM, drugs were injected into the nucleus, and cardiovascular parameters were measured. Changes (Δ) in cardiovascular responses due to drug injection and HEM were calculated and compared to control and HEM groups. Results HEM significantly reduced changes in systolic and mean arterial pressures and increased heart rate changes compared to control. Morphine microinjection in normotensive and HEM rats significantly decreased systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate, and naloxone significantly increased all these parameters. Conclusion This study showed that the PPT nucleus plays a role in modulating the cardiovascular responses induced by HEM. The µ opioid receptor of the PPT nucleus in the normotensive and HEM rats have inhibitory effects on blood pressure and heart rate mainly, and these effects are eliminated by naloxone microinjection.