Abstract
BackgroundPrevious studies showed the possible association between obesity, dietary pattern, and depressive symptoms. Due to the lack of enough data to confirm the association of obesity and depression in the Middle East, here, we aimed to explore the possible mediatory role of adipokines Galectin-3, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in the association between low carbohydrate diet (LCD) and depressive symptoms.MethodsA total of 256 women aged 17–56 years old were grouped based on their LCD score. Depression anxiety stress scales-21 (DASS-21) self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate the three negative emotional states of stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. Body composition and dietary intake were assessed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum levels of Galectin-3, TGF-β, and PAI-1.ResultsNo significant difference was observed regarding Galectin-3, TGF-β, and PAI-1 levels between the groups with dissimilar adherence to LCD or the groups with different levels of depressive symptoms (P>0.05). However, there was a negative association between LCD score as a covariant and depressive symptoms as an independent variable (P = 0.02) and remarkably, a regression model linear analysis using Galectin-3, TGF-β, and PAI-1 as confounding variables indicated the mediatory role of these adipokines in this association (P>0.05). In other words, adipokines eliminated the significance of the relationship between adherence to LCD and depressive symptoms.ConclusionIt seems that higher adherence to LCD is probably associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in obese adults through the mediatory role of adipokines.
Highlights
Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of fat in white adipose tissue (WAT) with negative effects on health
Due to the lack of enough data to confirm the association of obesity and depression in the Middle East, here, we aimed to explore the possible mediatory role of adipokines Galectin-3, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in the association between low carbohydrate diet (LCD) and depressive symptoms
There was a negative association between LCD score as a covariant and depressive symptoms as an independent variable (P = 0.02) and remarkably, a regression model linear analysis using Galectin-3, TGF-β, and PAI-1 as confounding variables indicated the mediatory role of these adipokines in this association (P>0.05)
Summary
Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of fat in white adipose tissue (WAT) with negative effects on health. It is a chronic disease resulting from a positive energy balance in conditions of energy excess or an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure [1,2,3]. Obesity is growing as a public health problem with a high prevalence in both developed and developing countries. A mental disorder clinically refers to the dysfunction of an individual’s cognition and emotional or behavioral control [6] It is usually associated with significant distress in scotia, profession, work, and other important activities. Due to the lack of enough data to confirm the association of obesity and depression in the Middle East, here, we aimed to explore the possible mediatory role of adipokines Galectin-3, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in the association between low carbohydrate diet (LCD) and depressive symptoms
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