Abstract
Abstract The paper describes the long historical experience in the settlement and economic development of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, based on use of the rich faunal resources of this arctic environment. It provides a rare glimpse into the evolution of a well‐developed network of settlements, factories, and hunting and trapping bases in the coastal zone, with the archipelago's population increasing from 100 at the very end of the 19th century to 500 in the late 1930s. Until the late 1920s the Nenets population dominated; then, as a result of abrupt socioeconomic transformations, there was a great increase in the percentage of Russians, to as much as 75% of the total population. The author examines environmental protection issues within the context of the presence of a nuclear test site on the archipelago and proposals for returning Novaya Zemlya to civilian administration and normal (non‐military) economic activity.
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