Abstract

Based on previous studies about microflora regulation and immunity enhancement activities of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen (CPP), there is little study on intestinal mucosal immunity, which is a possible medium for contacting microflora and immunity. In the present study, the BALB/c mice were divided into five groups (eight mice in each group), including a normal group (Con), a model control group (Model), and model groups that were administered CPP (50, 100, 200 mg/kg/d) orally each day for seven days after intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg BW/d cyclophosphamide (CP) for three days. CPP recovered the spleen index and restored the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, as well as serum IgG. In addition, it elevated ileum secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), the number of Lactobacillus and acetic acid content in cecum. These results indicated that CPP plays an important role in the protection against immunosuppression, especially mucosa immune damage, and the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria colonization, which could be considered a potential natural source of immunoregulator.

Highlights

  • Cyclophosphamide (CP), a cytotoxic alkylating agent with a broad spectrum of activity, is widely used as an essential medicine in cancer treatment, blood and marrow transplantation (BMT)

  • The results have shown that the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)

  • IL-10, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, is produced by many cells of the adaptive immune system, including Th1, Th2 and Th17 cell subsets, Treg cells, CD8+ T cells and B cells. It has mast cell growth factor activity in combination with IL-3 and/or IL-4, and T-cell growth factor activity on mature and immature mouse thymocytes in the presence of IL-2 and IL-4 [52,53]. These results suggested that CPP could restore the reduced cytokines of IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ by CP, suggesting that it could probably modulate the differentiation of T lymphocyte in the humoral immunity, which resulted in the stimulation of cytokines secretion, with the effects of polysaccharides from Lycium ruthenicum

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Summary

Introduction

Cyclophosphamide (CP), a cytotoxic alkylating agent with a broad spectrum of activity, is widely used as an essential medicine in cancer treatment, blood and marrow transplantation (BMT). It could be converted to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, binding to DNA, and inducing apoptosis in immune cells [1]. It is used as a potential immunosuppressive agent (including innate immunity and adaptive immunity) as well, for auto-immune treatment [2] and immunosuppression animals model, which was manifested as lower activities of splenocytes, natural killer cell, macrophages and the reduction of immunomodulation-related cytokines and antibodies in serum, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1α/β, IL-2, IgG, IgM, etc. The homeostasis of intestinal microbiota plays a key role in the adaptive and innate immune systems, through intestinal mucosa and epithelial cells [8], which activate the proliferation or differentiation of. The damage of intestinal mucosa and dysbacteriosis may lead to the enhancement of pathogenic bacteria colonization, lower microbiota diversity, especially the reduction of the bacteria of the Firmicutes phylum, Bacteroidetes phylum (Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, etc.), and an increase in the Proteobacteria phylum, which was similar with the microbiota of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) patients [5,6,14,15,16]

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