The Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor

Abstract

Abstract Secretory Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies represent the first line of antigen‐specific immune defence protecting the mucosal surfaces against environmental pathogens and antigens and maintaining homoeostasis with the commensal microbiota. The polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) plays the dual role of transporting locally produced dimeric IgA across mucosal epithelia and serving as the precursor of the secretory component moiety of SIgA. The complex regulation of pIgR expression and transcytosis by host and microbial factors is finely tuned to optimise the role of SIgA in mucosal immunity. Recent discoveries highlight the dynamic cross‐talk between pIgR, SIgA and the commensal microbiota that populate our mucosal surfaces. Dysregulation of pIgR expression and/or function can result in profound consequences for the pathogenesis of infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Future research into the function and regulation of pIgR and SIgA may offer new insights into the prevention and treatment of diseases that originate at mucosal surfaces. Key Concepts: Secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies represent the first line of antigen‐specific immune defence at mucosal surfaces. The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) transports dimeric IgA across mucosal epithelial cells and serves as the precursor for the secretory component of SIgA. Transcription of the PIGR gene in mucosal epithelial cells is regulated by signalling pathways initiated by host cytokines and microbial factors, involving the cytoplasmic adapter protein, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88). SIgA mediates immune protection by immune exclusion, intracellular neutralisation of antigens and pathogens and excretion of IgA‐containing immune complexes by pIgR‐mediated epithelial transcytosis. Cross‐talk between pIgR, SIgA and commensal bacteria regulates the composition of the gut microbiota and promotes intestinal homoeostasis. Dysregulated expression or function of pIgR can contribute to the pathology of infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.