The politics of doping and anti-doping in Chinese sport

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Jere Longman, ‘OLYMPICS; Drug Sleuths’ Surprise Produces a Breakthrough', The New York Times, 18 December 1994. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. ‘Sports People: Track and Field; 4 Chinese Athletes Banned for Doping’, The New York Times, 28 July 1995. 5. Houlihan, Dying to Win, 55. 6. Craig Lord, ‘Expulsion Calls after Four more Chinese Test Positive’, The Times, 15 January 1998. 7. Anita Lonsbrough, ‘Australian Coach Wants Total Ban on China's Liars’, The Daily Telegraph, 15 January 1998. 8. Nick Mulvenney and Gillian Murdoch, ‘Chinese Doping Chronology’, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/29/us-olympics-doping-china-chronology-idUSL761329820080729 (accessed 22 May 2010). 9. Philip Hersh, ‘China Ban A Nod To Future’, Chicago Tribune, 7 September 2000. 10. Ibid. 11. ‘Hopes Raised for War on Drugs as Ma's Army Beats Olympic Retreat Duncan Mackay’, The Guardian, 7 September 2000. 12. Ping Wu, ‘Anti-Doping Campaign Hits the Ma's Army’, Sport Weekly, 8 April 2001. 13. Reporter, ‘Drug Scandals In Sport In Recent Years’, Enorth, http://sports.big5.enorth.com.cn/system/2008/06/27/003466901.shtml (accessed 22 May 2010). 14. Xiaomiao Li, ‘Anshan Sports School's Drug Scandal is Crime’, Shenzhen Business Daily, 27 August 2006. 15. Yihua Ma, ‘Shenyang Sports School Was Punished for Doping the Young Athletes’, China Sport Daily, 19 May 2003. 16. ‘Sun Yingjie Claims Innocence Over Doping’, AFP (Agence France-Presse), http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-10/23/content_487062.htm (accessed 22 May 2010). 17. Nan Li, ‘Punishment for the Anshan Scandal’, Huashang Daily, 28 September 2006. 18. ‘Chinese Expert Calls for Stricter Law for Anti-Doping’, Xinhua. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90779/90867/6927021.html (accessed 22 May 2010), 11. 19. Ibid. 20. ‘Top Chinese Swimmer Cops Life Ban for Doping’, ABC (American Broadcasting Corporation) News, http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/27/2288381.htm (accessed 22 May 2010). 21. ‘Sun Yingjie Suspended Two Years, Coach in Life Ban’, China Daily, 13 January 2006. 22. ‘Luo Meng Was Banned from Competition’, 21CN (21st Century Network), http://2008.21cn.com/china/wrestling/2008/06/28/4891685.shtml (accessed 22 May 2010). 23. ‘Hopes Raised for War on Drugs as Ma's Army Beats Olympic Retreat Duncan Mackay’. 24. Fan, Wu, and Xiong, ‘Beijing Ambitions’, 514. 25. ‘Drug Users in China Have Reached 1,050,000 and 70% Was Youth’, People, http://www.people.com.cn (accessed 22 May 2010). 26. ‘German Documentary Reveals Possible Genetic Doping in China’, DW-World, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3505381,00.html (accessed 22 May 2010), 5. 27. Ibid., 13 28. Ping Wu, ‘Current Situation of the Chinese Athletics’, Sport Weekly, 22 October 2000. 29. ‘China's Anti-Doping Campaign’, China Certification And Accreditation Information Network (CAIT), http://www.cait.cn/jyjc_1/cjwt/201003/t20100330_52746.shtml (accessed 18 November 2010), 8. 30. ‘Serve the Olympics: China Anti-doping Testing Centre’. 31. Zong, ‘China's Anti-Doping Campaign’. 32. Yang and Leung, ‘The Politics of Sports Anti-Doping in China: Crisis, Governance and International Compliance’, 122 33. Legal Committee of The NPC Standing Committee, The Sports Law of the People's Republic of China, 2. 34. ‘“Doping's Nemesis”, Lundqvist's Book Launched in China’, IAAF, http://www.iaaf.org/antidoping/news/newsid=58520.html (accessed 14 October 2010). 35. Ibid. 36. Shaozu Wu, ‘We Must Ban Drug-Use in Sport in China’, Sports Daily, 22 January 1998. 37. ‘China Gets Tougher in Anti-Doping before Olympics’, China Daily, 22 April 2005. 38. ‘Three Doping Cases from Beijing Olympics Come To Light’, China Daily, 22 September 2008. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Ke, Ma Junren. 42. Hannah Beech, ‘Ma's Army’, TIME, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053779,00.html (accessed 11 November 2010), 1. 43. ‘Sports People: Track and Field; Chinese Runner Shatters Record for 10,000 Meters’, The New York Times, 9 September, 1993, 44. ‘Sports People: Track and Field; Ondieki Refuses to Race the Chinese’, The New York Times, 16 December 1994. 45. Ibid. 46. ‘Surprise Drug Tests in China’, The New York Times, 25 December 1993. 47. Ibid. 48. Philip Hersh, ‘China Doubters Would Fill an Appendix’, Chicago Tribune, 13 October 1994. 49. Philip Hersh, ‘Ma's Army’ Looks Like a Lost Battalion’, Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1994. 50. Guan, ‘The Secret of Ma's Army’. 51. Ke, Ma Junren. 52. Teresa Poole, ‘Record-Breaking Athletes Desert Gruelling Regime of Ma's Army’, The Independent, 8 January 1995. 53. ‘Results Plus’, The New York Times, 26 October 1995. 54. EPO stimulates the production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells and is claimed to boost athletes' performance. The drug became increasingly popular with endurance athletes in the late 1990s. 55. ‘Hopes Raised for War on Drugs as Ma's Army Beats Olympic Retreat Duncan Mackay’. 56. Yuan, Yuan Weiming and Chinese Sport, 26–7, 30. 57. ‘Ma's Army Used To Take Performance Enhancing Drugs’, Chutian Daily, 13 October 2009. 58. Baosheng Sun, ‘Liaoning Provincial Athletic Team Was Banned from Competition for 1 Year for the Drug Scandal’, Beijing Evening Echo, 8 April 2001; ‘Two Athletes from the Ma Army Were Banned from Competition for Two Years’, PLA Daily, 7 April 2001. 59. Peng Zhu, ‘Ma Junren Announced That He Will Appeal’, Beijing Youth Daily, 21 April 2001. 60. Wei Zhang, ‘Yuan Weiming Uncovered the Ma Army's Drug Scandal’, Xinmin Weekly, 14 October 2009. 61. Chunfei Xiao and Chusnheng Fan, ‘Ma's Army Won Medals at the 9th National Games’, Xinhua, http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2001-11/19/content_122646.htm (accessed 19 November 2010). 62. Mark McDonald, ‘Sprinter Is Barred in the Latest Doping Scandal for China’, The New York Times, 27 October 2009.