Abstract
From the early 1920s until the mid-1930s, artistic tremors rolled through Afro-America. Dramatic societies, literary clubs, and poetry groups sprang up in Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Indianapolis, Nashville, and Topeka, among other places. In Boston, the Quill Club launched theSaturday Evening Quillperiodical; in Washington, D. C., there was Howard University'sStylusmagazine and the freewheeling and remarkably productive soirées of Georgia Douglas Johnson's Saturday Nighters; Philadelphia's literati published the intriguingly promising review,Black Opals. But most of this ferment remained inchoate and, at best, decidedly amateurish. Only in Harlem was there sustained and professional artistic output—although much of its music was tested in and imported from Chicago.
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