Abstract
These four theoretical bets on the “multitude” (Hardt and Negri), on the political subject as fidelity to an event (Badiou), on the “people” as a hegemonic interaction of heterogeneous demands (Laclau and Mouffe), on the political subject as an emergent subject of an egalitarian irruption (Rancière), illustrate the seek for new political subjectivities after abandoning the Marxist thesis that gives a decisive role to the working-class in the process of social transformation. Apart from this binding nucleus, they present divergences that place the question about the subject of emancipation in a field of confrontations, and bifurcation points. This work aims at delimiting the lines of combat, voices of consent and dissent found in these new critical theories regarding the connection between political subjectivity, and economic relations, the issue of the strategy, the nationalism/internationalism dilemma and the disjunction between statism and anti-statism.
Highlights
The proliferation of the emancipatory subjects is a distinctive coordinate of the new critical theories emerging from the defeat of great popular movements from the 60s and 70s that became known after the Fall of the Berlin Wall
The theoretical bets on productive and cooperative multitude (Hardt and Negri), on the political subject as fidelity to an event (Badiou), on the people as a hegemonic interaction of heterogeneous demands (Laclau and Mouffe), on the political subject as an emergent subject of an egalitarian irruption (Rancière), illustrate that these new subjectivities or multiple interactions displaced the political centrality of the workingclass in current conditions of capitalism
Whether defined as a mode of subjectivation that challenges social structure and the State’s police order (Rancière) or as the effect of an event dissociated from classes, the economy, or the state apparatus (Badiou), the notion of people takes shape in synchrony with a political action that can only be conceived from its own perspective
Summary
The proliferation of the emancipatory subjects is a distinctive coordinate of the new critical theories emerging from the defeat of great popular movements from the 60s and 70s that became known after the Fall of the Berlin Wall. The theoretical bets on productive and cooperative multitude (Hardt and Negri), on the political subject as fidelity to an event (Badiou), on the people as a hegemonic interaction of heterogeneous demands (Laclau and Mouffe), on the political subject as an emergent subject of an egalitarian irruption (Rancière), illustrate that these new subjectivities or multiple interactions displaced the political centrality of the workingclass in current conditions of capitalism This way and against those postmodern theses announcing the end of politics with a deep distrust of the great emancipatory projects, the political practice and its subjects were rescued, but keeping distance from the Marxist subject
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