Abstract
Over the last two decades, China and Russia have been developing Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems mainly based on long-range Air Defense, ballistic and cruise missiles, supported by Electronic Warfare and cyber-attack capabilities. Initially, these systems were used for defense purposes, but over time. it was recognized they could be also applied for imposing military situation in the specific regions and create effective response to NATO countries and their concept of conducting military operations. The main aim of the article is to asses and present the impact of Chinese and Russian Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems on changes in global political relations and balance of military power. In the course of this study, the author used numerous analyzes, synthesis, comparisons and case studies methods mainly concentrated on presently operating A2/AD systems. This article undertakes the analysis of the Chinese bases located in the South China Sea and Djibouti, Russian A2/AD systems within Russia's borders with particular emphasis on Kaliningrad Oblast, and A2/AD systems in Crimea and Syria created as part of Russian military operations. This research allowed us to conclude that some of the A2/AD systems serve to defend borders, while the rest are created to influence the geopolitical and military situation or to gain an advantage in the area of military operations. It can be also evaluate that the use of these systems allow dominate future conflicts because they enable to establish a full control zones which are completely closed for opponents forces operations.
Highlights
The methods of ensuring world security and the methods of creating military systems directly related to them are the result of threat changes and evolve in each decade
This is only an assumption, because if we look closely, the general framework, concepts, and purpose of creating safety systems and their military subsystems remain unchanged
Concept of A2/Area Denial (AD) is mostly dominated by China and the Russian Federation, countries which in their polities and military activities are in opposition to NATO countries
Summary
The methods of ensuring world security and the methods of creating military systems directly related to them are the result of threat changes and evolve in each decade. Military systems are able to operate at intercontinental distances in various combinations of environments like land, sea, air, space, as well as in cyberspace. It can be observed that Russia and China, which originally declared that these A2/AD systems serve only to defend their borders, are increasingly developing military capabilities and are creating new A2/AD systems outside their borders. This raises the main research problem: what is the purpose of creating Anti-Access /Area Denial systems?
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