Abstract
BackgroundThe SnRK2s (Plant specific protein kinase) are involved in various biological processes, such as plant defense and environmental challenges. In Arabidopsis, AtSnRK2s regulate the expression of some metal transporters. For example, AtSnRK2.4 plays a role in the regulation of Arabidopsis tolerance to Cd; AtSnRK2.2 and AtSnRK2.3 are involved in Cd uptake and translocation. However, the functions of their homologs, TpSnRK2.10 and TpSnRK2.11 from dwarf Polish wheat are unknown.ResultsTpSnRK2.11 encodes a cytoplasmic protein. TpSnRK2.10 and TpSnRK2.11 have different expression patterns at different growth stages. Expression of TpSnRK2.10 increased yeast’s sensitivity to Cd; conversely, expression of TpSnRK2.11 enhanced yeast’s tolerance to Cd. Overexpression of TpSnRK2.10 or TpSnRK2.11 did not affect Cd sensitivity in Arabidopsis, but significantly increased Cd accumulation in roots and shoots, and Cd translocation from roots to shoots. While, Fe accumulation was significantly increased in roots but decreased in shoots by overexpression of TpSnRK2.10; opposite results were observed in TpSnRK2.11-overexpressing lines. Subcellular distribution analysis found that overexpression of TpSnRK2.10 and TpSnRK2.11 increased Cd concentration in cell wall and organelle fractions of roots and shoots; meanwhile, they also differentially influenced Fe distribution.ConclusionsThese results indicated that TpSnRK2.10 and TpSnRK2.11 are involved in the uptakes and the translocations of Cd and Fe, possibly by regulating the expression of AtNRAMP1 and AtHMA4, and other genes involved in the synthesis of phytochelatins or hemicellolosic polysaccharides.
Highlights
The sucrose nonfermenting-1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) (Plant specific protein kinase) are involved in various biological processes, such as plant defense and environmental challenges
Chromosome localizations and gene structures of TpSnRK2.10 and TpSnRK2.11 Blast search of the open reading frames of TpSnRK2.10 and TpSnRK2.11 against the genome of T. aestivum revealed that TpSnRK2.10 is located on chromosome 4AL and comprises eight exons and seven introns; TpSnRK2.11 is located on chromosome 1BL and comprises nine exons and eight introns
Homology analysis of TpSnRK2.10 and TpSnRK2.11 with AtSnRK2.2, AtSnRK2.3 and AtSnRK2.4 Previously phylogenetic analysis revealed that TpSnRK2.10 grouped with AtSnRK2.2 and AtSnRK2.3, which belong to the subgroup 3 kinases that are strongly activated by abscisic acid (ABA); TpSnRK2.11 grouped with AtSnRK2.4, which belongs to the subgroup 1 kinases that are not activated by ABA
Summary
The SnRK2s (Plant specific protein kinase) are involved in various biological processes, such as plant defense and environmental challenges. In Arabidopsis, AtSnRK2s regulate the expression of some metal transporters. AtSnRK2.4 plays a role in the regulation of Arabidopsis tolerance to Cd; AtSnRK2.2 and AtSnRK2.3 are involved in Cd uptake and translocation. Cd is absorbed via basal roots, loaded in the xylem, transported to shoots [3, 4], which negatively affects mineral nutrition and homeostasis in tissues and root growth and development [2, 5,6,7]. Characterization of numerous Cd transporters responsible for Cd accumulation and transport found that they are regulated by intricate stress signal transduction pathways [2, 5]. The Cd signal transduction pathway is mediated by plant protein kinases that are major signal transduction Our knowledge about Cd accumulation and transport remains limited; the investigation is still needed to understand the molecular mechanisms.
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