Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune systems play an essential role in host defense against pathogens. Various signal transduction pathways monitor and balance the immune system since an imbalance may promote pathological states such as allergy, inflammation, and cancer. Mast cells have a central role in the regulation of the innate/adaptive immune system and are involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory and allergic diseases by releasing inflammatory mediators such as histamines, proteases, chemotactic factors, and cytokines. Although various signaling pathways are associated with mast cell activation, our discovery and characterization of the pLysRS-Ap4A signaling pathway in these cells provided an additional important step towards a full understanding of the intracellular mechanisms involved in mast cell activation. In the present review, we will discuss in depth this signaling pathway’s contribution to host defense and the pathological state.
Highlights
Maturation of mast cells (MCs) occurs in these vascular tissues aided by cytokines, stem cell factors secreted by fibroblasts and endothelial cells [1]
We identified by Biacore analysis that specific binding of histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) to Ap4 A, but not to other Apn A molecules (Ap3 A or Ap5 A), affected the MITF–HINT-1 protein
The discovery and characterization of the p-lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS)-Ap4A signaling pathway has attracted the attention of many researchers
Summary
The of mast cells at theSignaling host–environment interface generates inflammatory. result in mast cellhomeostasis activation syndrome [22]. Result in mast cellhomeostasis activation syndrome [22]. It has been identified from many studies that and a disordered causes multiple pathological conditions and could result mast cells thesyndrome first line of defense the invading through mulin mast cellprovide activation [22]. It hasagainst been identified from pathogens many studies that mast tipleprovide mechanisms. Activated mast cells (MCs) impact the othermultiple immune cells the first line of defense against the functionally invading pathogens through cells’ activitiesActivated by their mast effective mechanism;impact the control pathological mechanisms. Activities by caused their effective signaling mechanism; control the or pathological conditions conditions by autoinflammatory cells, cancerous cells by external invaders caused autoinflammatory such asby bacteria and viruses.cells, cancerous cells or by external invaders such as bacteria and viruses
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