Abstract
Scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch -analgesic-antitumor peptide (BmK AGAP) has been used to treat diseases like tetanus, tuberculosis, apoplexy, epilepsy, spasm, migraine headaches, rheumatic pain, and cancer in China. AGAP is a distinctive long-chain scorpion toxin with a molecular mass of 7142 Da and composed of 66 amino acids cross-linked by four disulfide bridges. Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are present in excitable membranes and partakes in essential roles in action potentials generation as compared to the significant function of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). A total of nine genes (Nav1.1–Nav1.9) have been recognized to encode practical sodium channel isoforms. Nav1.3, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 have been recognized as potential targets for analgesics. Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 are associated with nociception initiated by inflammation signals in the neuronal pain pathway, while Nav1.8 is fundamental for neuropathic pain at low temperatures. AGAP has a sturdy inhibitory influence on both viscera and soma pain. AGAP potentiates the effects of MAPK inhibitors on neuropathic as well as inflammation-associated pain. AGAP downregulates the secretion of phosphorylated p38, phosphorylated JNK, and phosphorylated ERK 1/2 in vitro. AGAP has an analgesic activity which may be an effective therapeutic agent for pain management because of its downregulation of PTX3 via NF-κB and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. In cancers like colon cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, and glioma, rAGAP was capable of blocking the proliferation. Thus, AGAP is a promising therapy for these tumors. Nevertheless, research is needed with other tumors.
Highlights
Scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) constitutes an integral portion of Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases like tetanus, tuberculosis, apoplexy, epilepsy, spasm, migraine headaches, rheumatic pain, and cancer [1, 2]
Payandeh et al indicated that Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are present in excitable membranes and partakes in essential roles in action potentials generation as compared to the significant function of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) [17]
Analgesic-antitumor peptide (AGAP) relieved pain linked with formalin-triggered inflammation and regulated formalin-related augmented secretion of p-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and spinal Fos (Figure 1). us, they concluded that AGAP potentiates the effects of MAPK inhibitors on neuropathic and inflammation-associated pain [1]
Summary
Scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) constitutes an integral portion of Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases like tetanus, tuberculosis, apoplexy, epilepsy, spasm, migraine headaches, rheumatic pain, and cancer [1, 2]. Several distinctive toxic peptides extracted from scorpion venom have diverse functions [1, 3, 4]. Analgesic-antitumor peptide (AGAP) was extracted from the venom of Scorpion. Studies have demonstrated that AGAP has analgesic and antitumor potentials [1,2,3,4, 6]. We elucidate the cardinal analgesic and antitumor potentials of AGAP with a focus on the key signaling mechanisms via which it functions. Most of the articles reviewed were indexed in PubMed and PubMed Central with strict inclusion criteria being analgesic and antitumor potentials of BmK AGAP. E key search words were analgesia and/or AGAP, cancer/tumor and/or AGAP, anticancer/antitumor and/or AGAP as well as AGAP signaling pathways.
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