Abstract
This article examines the efforts of the UN mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) to protect civilians during two periods—its more passive phase from 2000 to 2004 and, since 2005, a more active phase, which included more forceful peace operations. Based on incidents spanning these two periods and an overview of the mission, it can be concluded that MONUC has incorporated civilian protection with great difficulty. Its more passive role failed to protect civilians and undermined the notion of civilian protection, yet its more aggressive operations occasionally led to greater civilian abuse. As civilian protection clauses become more common in UN mission mandates and as missions initiate more robust operations, MONUC's experience offers important lessons for present and future missions.
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