The Physical Activity Level in Female Affects Colon Transit Time

Abstract

High levels of physical activity (PA) are associated with a reduced risk of some cancers, especially the colon cancer. One of the mechanisms proposed for the protective effect of PA on colon cancer is that colonic transit time (CTT) is decreased during exercising, which decreases the exposure to carcinogens, the concentration of bile acids and colonic segmentation.1,2 However, the effect may be dependent on the level of PA. According to many studies, long-term aerobic training significantly protects against colonic carcinogenesis.3 Furthermore, the protective effects of PA on colonic carcinogenesis may depend on both the type of exercise and gender.3 According to experimental models, the number of large polyps in male ApcMin/+ mice was reduced after treadmill running, compared with controls, but these results were not observed in female mice.4 Although the biochemical and molecular processes underlying the interaction between PA and carcinogenesis are not well-understood, PA is known to generate reactive oxygen species to differing degrees. Mild oxidative stress caused by moderate PA can potentiate cellular antioxidant defense capacity by activating cellular stress response signaling. However, accumulation of relatively large amounts of reactive oxygen species as a consequence of exhaustive exercise or very high PA can directly damage DNA; this can cause mutation or promote carcinogenesis by activating proinflammatory signals. Although one of the mechanisms proposed for the protective effect of PA on colon cancer is that decreased CTT levels may reduce exposure to carcinogens, CTT itself is not a well-established risk factor for colonic neoplasm.1 The association between the risk of colorectal neoplasm and PA-induced reduction in CTT has not been investigated.2 However, analysis of CTT according to PA is one method of determining the mechanism underlying the protective effect of PA on colorectal neoplasm. Walking, running and strength training are known to reduce CTT.5-7 Also, a period of physical inactivity in subjects who had been engaged in regular PA for several years significantly increased CTT.8 However, some studies reported no effect of PA on CTT.9,10 Song et al11 in the present study investigated CTT according to physical activity level (PAL). The total CTT was significantly longer in female (25.8 hours) than male (7.4 hours) subjects. With regard to the dependence of the inter-group difference on PAL, the right CTT in female subjects was significantly shorter in the high PA group than in the moderate PA group, while there was no significant difference among male subjects. The recto-sigmoid CTT was significantly shorter in the high PA group than in the low PA group. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the total CTT between the low and moderate PA groups, and between the low and high groups of female subjects. In this study, other factors associated with CTT, such as food intake, were not included. Thus, it is difficult to define the exact association between PAL and CTT based on these data alone. Furthermore, it is difficult to elucidate the differences in CTT according to PAL in males and females because of their different baseline CTT. The results can be interpreted to indicate that PAL affected CTT in subjects with a longer baseline CTT, but did not differ according to gender. In spite of these limitations, this study contributes to knowledge of the effect of PA on CTT. In conclusion, this study contributes to a greater understanding of the relationship between PAL and CTT. According to results of this study, moderate and high PAL may assist colonic transit in females. A further study aiming to precisely define moderate and high PAL may assist in the determination of optimal exercise regimes.