Abstract
China is one of the most diverse countries, which have developed 88 indigenous pig breeds. Several studies showed that pigs were independently domesticated in multiple regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the origin and evolution of Chinese pigs using complete mitochondrial genomic sequences (mtDNA) from Asian and European domestic pigs and wild boars. Thirty primer pairs were designed to determine the mtDNA sequences of Xiang pig, Large White, Lantang, Jinhua and Pietrain. The phylogenetic status of Chinese native pigs was investigated by comparing the mtDNA sequences of complete coding regions and D-loop regions respectively amongst Asian breeds, European breeds and wild boars. The analyzed results by two cluster methods contributed to the same conclusion that all pigs were classified into two major groups, European clade and Asian clade. It revealed that Chinese pigs were only recently diverged from each other and distinctly different from European pigs. Berkshire was clustered with Asian pigs and Chinese pigs were involved in the development of Berkshire breeding. The Malaysian wild boar had distant genetic relationship with European and Asian pigs. Jinhua and Lanyu pigs had more nucleotide diversity with Chinese pigs although they all belonged to the Asian major clade. Chinese domestic pigs were clustered with wild boars in Yangtze River region and South China.
Highlights
Pig (Sus scrofa) is one of the most important economic animals, and it distributes widely in the world from cold belt to tropical zone
From the phylogenetic trees we could see that the two groups all showed the same two major clades: European clade and Asian clade, there were some differences between them (Figure 1 and Figure 2) as some sequences were different from the two groups
The other two wild boar breeds of WBJiangxi and Wild boar (WB)-Fujian were not clustered into the wild boar group, but they had near genetic distance to Aba and Zang respectively
Summary
Pig (Sus scrofa) is one of the most important economic animals, and it distributes widely in the world from cold belt to tropical zone. It has the raising history more than 8,000 years [1], the origin and evolution of Chinese domestic pigs is still uncertain and there are several controversial viewpoints on this scientific problem. MtDNA is one of the most popular markers used in determining relationships among individuals within species and among closely related species with recent times of divergence [4,10]. A number of studies of the D-loop region sequence mutation in mtDNA have been investigated [12,13,14,15]. Has been frequently used for phylogenetic analysis of closely related groups, especially for determining intra-specific phylogenies [16]
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