Abstract
A molecule of oxygen absorbing solar ultraviolet-C radiation is photo-dissociated into two atoms of oxygen that fly apart at high velocity, converting kinetic energy of oscillation of the molecular bond directly and completely into kinetic energy of linear motion of the oxygen atoms. This increases air temperature. Two oxygen atoms can then collide forming a new oxygen molecule that can then be dissociated again as long as sufficient ultraviolet-C radiation exists. This continual dissociation of oxygen molecules is the primary reason for the stratopause being 30-40 degrees warmer than the tropopause and for all ultraviolet-C radiation being absorbed before reaching the lower stratosphere. Furthermore, an oxygen molecule and an oxygen atom can collide to form a molecule of ozone, which is photo-dissociated by solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Normally, 97-99 percent of ultraviolet-B radiation is absorbed in the ozone layer, warming the lower stratosphere. By 1970, however, humans manufacturing chlorofluorocarbon gases caused up to 70% depletion of ozone, cooling the ozone layer and allowing more ultraviolet-B to reach Earth where it photo-dissociates ground-level ozone pollution, raising air temperatures, especially in the most polluted areas. Ultraviolet-B also penetrates oceans tens of meters, efficiently raising ocean heat content. Earth’s surface warmed 0.6°C from 1970 to 1998 with warming twice as great in the northern hemisphere containing 90% of global population. In 2014, Bárðarbunga volcano in central Iceland extruded 85 km<sup>2</sup> of basaltic lavas in six months, depleting the ozone layer and warming Earth another 0.3°C by 2016. Throughout Earth history, basaltic lava flows covering areas of up to millions of square kilometers are contemporaneous with sudden global warming—the larger the lava flow, the greater the warming. Large explosive volcanic eruptions, on the other hand, typically form aerosols in the lower stratosphere that spread throughout the world, reflecting and scattering sunlight, cooling Earth approximately 0.5°C for two to four years. Computer modelling shows the effects of this global cooling can still be observed in ocean temperatures a century later. Several large explosive volcanic eruptions per century, continuing for millennia, cool oceans incrementally down into ice-age conditions. Detailed measurements of air temperatures in ice cores at Summit Greenland over the past 122,000 years show that the footprints of climate change are sudden warming within years, followed by slow, incremental cooling over millennia, in highly erratic sequences averaging only a few thousand years in length. Ozone depletion and aerosols are particularly effective because they occur worldwide.
Highlights
Photochemistry is the study of the chemical and physical processes occurring when solid matter, liquids, gases, or plasmas absorb thermal energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation
Earth is showered with solar electromagnetic radiation consisting primarily of infrared frequencies that provide warmth, visible frequencies that power photosynthesis, enable sight, and heat Earth’s surface, ultraviolet-A frequencies that heat Earth’s surface, ultraviolet-B frequencies that heat the stratospheric ozone layer, ground-level ozone pollution, and Earth’s surface, American Journal of Physical Chemistry 2020; 9(3): 62-85 ultraviolet-C frequencies that heat the stratosphere and mesosphere, and extreme ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma ray frequencies that ionize and heat the ionosphere and thermosphere
Global warming in late 1991 and early 1992 following the 1991 Pinatubo eruption, discussed below, was greatest in industrial areas of central North America and Europe [75]. This implies that the principal increase in air temperature is by photo-dissociation, not by increased ultraviolet-B radiation warming the ground and thereby keeping surface air temperatures warmer at night
Summary
Photochemistry is the study of the chemical and physical processes occurring when solid matter, liquids, gases, or plasmas absorb thermal energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Heat is a two-dimensional continuum of values quantified by subtracting at each and every frequency the amplitude of oscillation as calculated by Planck’s law for the cooler body from the amplitude of oscillation for the warmer body This explains why a body of solid matter can only be warmed by absorbing radiation if that radiation comes from a warmer body, and why the rate that heat flows per second is determined by the difference in temperature (Figure 4). The kinetic of oscillation absorbed into the bonds of one molecule of carbon dioxide would after conversion to kinetic energy of linear motion, have to be shared with 2500 other gas molecules making up a unit of air, assuming a concentration of 0.04 parts per million It has never been shown by experiment, a cornerstone of the scientific method, that carbon dioxide molecules absorbing terrestrial infrared radiation can heat air in any significant way as explained at JustProveCO2.com and at Physically-Impossible.com.
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