The phenothiazine-class antipsychotic drugs prochlorperazine and trifluoperazine are potent allosteric modulators of the human P2X7 receptor

Abstract

P2X7, an ATP-gated cation channel, is involved in immune cell activation, hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain. By regulating cytokine release in the brain, P2X7 has been linked to the pathophysiology of mood disorders and schizophrenia. We here assess the impact of 123 drugs that act in the central nervous system on human P2X7. Most prominently, the tricyclic antipsychotics prochlorperazine (PCP) and trifluoperazine (TFP) potently inhibited P2X7-mediated Ca2+ entry, dye permeation and ionic currents. In divalent cation-containing bath solutions or after prolonged incubation, ATP-evoked P2X7 currents were inhibited by 10 μM PCP. This effect was not related to dopamine receptor antagonism. Surprisingly, PCP co-applied with ATP enhanced inward currents in bath solutions with low divalent cation concentrations. Intracellular perfusion with PCP did not substitute for the extracellularly applied drug, indicating that its binding sites are accessible from the extracellular space. Since P2X7 current potentiation by PCP was voltage-dependent, at least one site may be located within the electrical field of the membrane. While the channel opening and closure kinetic was altered by PCP, the apparent affinity of ATP remained unchanged (potentiation) or changed slightly (inhibition). Measurements in human monocyte-derived macrophages confirmed the PCP-induced inhibition of ATP-evoked Ca2+ influx, Yo-Pro-1 permeability, and whole cell currents. Interestingly, neither heterologously expressed rat or mouse P2X7 nor native P2X7 in rat astrocyte cultures or in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages were inhibited by perazines with a similar potency. We conclude that perazine-type neuroleptics are potent, but species-selective allosteric modulators of human but not murine P2X7 receptors.