The Pharmacist-Physician Relationship in the Detection of Ambulatory Medication Errors

Abstract

Expenditures on outpatient prescription drugs have increased enormously in the last decade. Despite this growth in expenditures, prescription medication safety in the ambulatory setting is lacking. Prior research in outpatient care has centered around the physician-patient encounter. What remains unexamined in the ambulatory care literature is the pharmacist's role as interceptor, detector, and reporter of medication errors to the physician. Data about the role, responsibilities, and expectations to inform physicians about this subject were collected from pharmacist (N = 30) and patient (N = 31) focus groups conducted between July 2002 and July 2003. Pharmacists in outpatient practices and patients were randomly selected from the state licensure database and the Jackson Metropolitan phonebook, respectively. Grounded theory provided the perspective on which data were interpreted. Data patterns were linked using key words and phrases for theme analysis. Arbitration between coders resulted in an inter-rater reliability of 0.85. : Three complementary patterns were identified from the data: 1) patients likely see multiple physicians and only one pharmacist; 2) patients are more likely to report medication errors to the pharmacist than to the physician; and 3) pharmacists are the final interceptors, detecting medication errors before they reach patients. Ambulatory pharmacists are in a privileged position to gather data regarding adverse responses to prescribed medication or incidents of medication mishaps. The failure of pharmacists to report information back to physicians is a missed opportunity to improve patient safety.