Abstract
The fieldwork for this study was conducted in Qinggang County, Heilongjiang Province. Located in east central Heilongjiang, Qinggang is one of the grain producing counties of the province with maize as its major product if not the only one (other grains and vegetables grown there are mostly for self-consumption). Qinggang County is in the hinterland of the Songnen Plain, 120 km north of the provincial capital Harbin and 120 km east of Daqing, the city famous for its oil resources. No railway service is available in the county, though it is universal throughout China. Its transport link to the outside relies on buses and private vehicles (There are many bus services available from Harbin to other places by way of Qinggang. But when the fieldwork was conducted the only one between Harbin and Qinggang was a mini-bus service, which was extremely unreliable because of the poor condition of the vehicles. The first author took twice, and for both times the mini-buses broke down on the way).
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