Abstract
Rotary ATPases are a family of enzymes that are thought of as molecular nanomotors and are classified in three types: F, A, and V-type ATPases. Two members (F and A-type) can synthesize and hydrolyze ATP, depending on the energetic needs of the cell, while the V-type enzyme exhibits only a hydrolytic activity. The overall architecture of all these enzymes is conserved and three main sectors are distinguished: a catalytic core, a rotor and a stator or peripheral stalk. The peripheral stalks of the A and V-types are highly conserved in both structure and function, however, the F-type peripheral stalks have divergent structures. Furthermore, the peripheral stalk has other roles beyond its stator function, as evidenced by several biochemical and recent structural studies. This review describes the information regarding the organization of the peripheral stalk components of F, A, and V-ATPases, highlighting the key differences between the studied enzymes, as well as the different processes in which the structure is involved.
Highlights
ATP, a key molecule synthesized by ATP synthases, is instrumental for the metabolism of every living organism (Müller and Grüber, 2003)
This coupling is possible because of the structure known as peripheral arm or peripheral stalk, which works as the stator of a motor and whose main role is to counteract the rotation tendency of the catalytic core that happens in response to the movement of the rotor (Walker and Dickson, 2006)
All the work that has been done to deepen the understanding of the peripheral stalk has consistently shown that it is an essential component of all rotary ATPases
Summary
ATP, a key molecule synthesized by ATP synthases, is instrumental for the metabolism of every living organism (Müller and Grüber, 2003). This asymmetry was further confirmed with the high resolution structures obtained for the E. coli enzyme by cryo-electron microscopy, which show the peripheral stalk contacts alternatively the three α subunits via their N-terminal helices but in a clearly asymmetrical fashion, using a different interface for each of them.
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