Abstract
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) is a diagnostic criterion for sarcopenia. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) offers a bedside approach to measure ASM but the performance of BIA prediction equations (PE) varies with ethnicities and body composition. We aim to validate the performance of five PEs in estimating ASM against estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We recruited 195 healthy adult Australians and ASM was measured using single-frequency BIA. Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the predictive accuracy of ASM as determined by BIA against DXA. Precision (root mean square error (RMSE)) and bias (mean error (ME)) were calculated according to the method of Sheiner and Beal. Four PEs (except that by Kim) showed ASM values that correlated strongly with ASMDXA (r ranging from 0.96 to 0.97, p < 0.001). The Sergi equation performed the best with the lowest ME of −1.09 kg (CI: −0.84–−1.34, p < 0.001) and the RMSE was 2.09 kg (CI: 1.72–2.47). In men, the Kyle equation performed better with the lowest ME (−0.32 kg (CI: −0.66–0.02) and RMSE (1.54 kg (CI: 1.14–1.93)). The Sergi equation is applicable in adult Australians (Caucasian) whereas the Kyle equation can be considered in males. The need remains to validate PEs in other ethnicities and to develop equations suitable for multi-frequency BIA.
Highlights
Ageing is often associated with a progressive decline in both weight and skeletal muscle mass and an increase in body fat [1]
The prevalence of sarcopenia in those aged 65 years and over in Australia is estimated to be between 5% and 8%, whilst the condition affects one in five individuals aged 80 years and over [2]
Sarcopenia is associated with multiple adverse clinical outcomes, including disability, loss of independence, reduced quality of life, increased risk of falls, and the increased likelihood of death [3,4]
Summary
Ageing is often associated with a progressive decline in both weight and skeletal muscle mass and an increase in body fat [1]. Sarcopenia, derived from the Greek word “sarx” meaning flesh and “penia”. Meaning loss, is the term that has been used to describe this age-related change. Sarcopenia is associated with multiple adverse clinical outcomes, including disability, loss of independence, reduced quality of life, increased risk of falls, and the increased likelihood of death [3,4]. As a result of these adverse clinical outcomes, sarcopenia has become costly to the health system. It has been estimated, for example, that the direct healthcare cost attributable to sarcopenia in the US in 2000 was almost US $18.5 billion [2]
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