Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are increased in plasma lipids and blood cell membranes in response to supplementation. Whilst arachidonic acid (AA) is correspondingly decreased, the effect on other fatty acids (FA) is less well described and there may be site-specific differences. In response to 12 months EPA + DHA supplementation in doses equivalent to 0–4 portions of oily fish/week (1 portion: 3.27 g EPA+DHA) multinomial regression analysis was used to identify important FA changes for plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesteryl ester (CE) and triglyceride (TAG) and for blood mononuclear cells (MNC), red blood cells (RBC) and platelets (PLAT). Dose-dependent increases in EPA + DHA were matched by decreases in several n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in PC, CE, RBC and PLAT, but were predominantly compensated for by oleic acid in TAG. Changes were observed for all FA classes in MNC. Consequently the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio was reduced in a dose-dependent manner in all pools after 12 months (37%–64% of placebo in the four portions group). We conclude that the profile of the FA decreased in exchange for the increase in EPA + DHA following supplementation differs by FA pool with implications for understanding the impact of n-3 PUFA on blood lipid and blood cell biology.
Highlights
A diet rich in oily fish containing high concentrations of the long-chain omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3)has been associated with health benefits, a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease [1,2].Studies with EPA and DHA in supplemental form report a wide range of effects on cardiovascular risk factors amongst other outcomes [2,3] that may explain the benefits of oily fish
We report the patterns of change in other FA observed in this study; we report findings for plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TAG) and for blood mononuclear cells (MNC), red blood cells (RBC) and platelets (PLAT)
As a small regression coefficient for the fatty acid of interest reflected a large change large change in the outcomes EPA + DHA and vice versa the data are the reciprocal of in the outcomes EPA + DHA and vice versa the data are the reciprocal of the co-efficients the co-efficients in order to portray the magnitude of effect, and this is presented in arbitrary in order to portray the magnitude of effect, and this is presented in arbitrary units
Summary
A diet rich in oily fish containing high concentrations of the long-chain omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). It has been well established that in response to supplementation with EPA and DHA, these fatty acids are incorporated in increased amounts into plasma phospholipids [8] and cell membranes including those of platelets [9], mononuclear cells [7], red blood cells [8,10] and other cells such as those of the myocardium [11] This increased content of EPA and DHA in cell membranes alters the physical properties of the membrane such as its fluidity, which can impact on receptor migration and lipid raft formation, and alter cell signalling pathways which in turn influence cell and tissue responses linked to metabolism, hormone sensitivity, immune function and so on [12]. We report the patterns of change in other FA observed in this study; we report findings for plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TAG) and for blood mononuclear cells (MNC), red blood cells (RBC) and platelets (PLAT)
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