Abstract
The recent legalization of Cannabis sativa L. in many regions has revealed a need for effective propagation and biotechnologies for the species. Micropropagation affords researchers and producers methods to rapidly propagate insect-/disease-/virus-free clonal plants and store germplasm and forms the basis for other biotechnologies. Despite this need, research in the area is limited due to the long history of prohibitions and restrictions. Existing literature has multiple limitations: many publications use hemp as a proxy for drug-type Cannabis when it is well established that there is significant genotype specificity; studies using drug-type cultivars are predominantly optimized using a single cultivar; most protocols have not been replicated by independent groups, and some attempts demonstrate a lack of reproducibility across genotypes. Due to culture decline and other problems, the multiplication phase of micropropagation (Stage 2) has not been fully developed in many reports. This review will provide a brief background on the history and botany of Cannabis as well as a comprehensive and critical summary of Cannabis tissue culture. Special attention will be paid to current challenges faced by researchers, the limitations of existing Cannabis micropropagation studies, and recent developments and future directions of Cannabis tissue culture technologies.
Highlights
Cannabis sativa L. is rising to prominence as a commercial crop for industrial, food, medical, and recreational applications
Earlierevolves reviewstoon the state of C. sativa micropropagation and regeneration largely landscape facilitate research, interest in de novo regeneration of Cannabis has failed to underscore the many challenges in the existing body of research
Results somatic embryogenesis from C. sativa suspension cultures but they did not provide any Existing micropropagation protocols that rely on regeneration from non-meristematic data or visual evidence in support of their claims
Summary
Cannabis sativa L. is rising to prominence as a commercial crop for industrial, food, medical, and recreational applications. Commercial production of industrial hemp (C. sativa with 0.3% THC by dry weight) Cannabis in North America, as the distinction between the two has been largely ignored by government and law enforcement [9]. In the United States, a pilot-scale production of industrial hemp was legalized in 2014 followed by commercial-scale federal legalization in the 2018 farm bill [9,18] Prior to this change, federally funded research in the US could only be conducted with Cannabis obtained from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).
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