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Abstract
Successful surgery of the parathyroid glands depends on a thorough knowledge of their anatomic and developmental relations. This knowledge is crucial for locating ectopic parathyroids or preventing injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. In addition, the surgeon should understand the physiology and function of these glands. Unlike other conditions a surgeon might treat, physiology, and not anatomy alone, often dictates the timing and course of parathyroid procedures. This surgeon-oriented, focused review covers the development, histology, anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the parathyroid. Figures show the location and frequencies of ectopic upper and lower parathyroid glands, and regulation of calcium homeostasis. This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, and 16 references Key words: calcitonin; hypercalcemia; hyperparathyroidism; multiple endocrine neoplasia; parathyroid; parathyroid hormone; primary hyperparathyroidism; secondary hyperparathyroidism; tertiary hyperparathyroidism
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