Abstract
Despite the fact that ribosomal proteins are the constituents of an organelle that is present in every cell, they show a surprising level of regulation, and several of them have also been shown to have other extra-ribosomal functions, such in replication, transcription, splicing or even ageing. This review provides a comprehensive summary of these important aspects.
Highlights
Protein synthesis requires accurate translation of the nucleotide sequence of messenger RNA to the amino acid sequence of a protein
The ribosome consists of two subunits, each of which is made up of ribosomal RNA and many ribosomal proteins
Apart from protein synthesis, many of the ribosomal proteins are shown to be involved in other cellular functions, independent of the ribosome.[3]
Summary
Protein synthesis requires accurate translation of the nucleotide sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA) to the amino acid sequence of a protein. The small ribosomal subunit plays a role in accurate codon–anticodon recognition between the mRNA and tRNA molecules, while the large subunit is mainly involved in the peptide bond formation of the growing amino acid chain. Apart from protein synthesis, many of the ribosomal proteins are shown to be involved in other cellular functions, independent of the ribosome.[3] Their first extra-ribosomal activity was observed for S1, as a replicase in the RNA phages, and numerous extra-ribosomal functions of these proteins have subsequently been discovered This bifunctional tendency of ribosomal proteins can be explained by theories postulating the preexistence of the ribosomal proteins as independent molecules before forming the components of the ribosome.[3] Another interesting functional aspect of the ribosomal proteins is their regulation.
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