Abstract
The roots of today's relationship between trade unions and communist parties in Europe lie in the events attending the emergence of Bolshevism in the Russian Revolution and Bolshevism's development during the Comintern years. The 21 conditions for acceptance of an organization into the Comintern, and the creation of the Red International of Trade Unions, made clear what was to become one strand in the history of that relationship and confirmed the split in the European Left that was to affect political parties and trade unions alike. For the non‐ruling communist parties, the margin for manoeuvre has been small when they are faced by long‐established and strong trade unions, but in France, Italy and Spain a close and fruitful relationship developed between communist party and ‘its’ union; whilst in the socialist countries the trade unions became subordinated to the state.
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