The Origins, Current State, and Future of Geological Surveys and Societies

Abstract

Starting with the Enlightenment in Europe and North America (c. 1685–1815), the different paths to the origin and development of geological societies in the United Kingdom and United States are reviewed and their role in the creation of national geological surveys described. These geological societies and geological surveys have changed with time, as has the challenge of remaining relevant to contemporary society. While the motivation for the formation of geological societies was and remains to advance scientific understanding mainly through meetings and publication, the rationale for the creation of geological surveys was primarily economic, to map the location of minerals and materials needed for economic development. In developing countries that requirement remains a priority in contrast to developed countries where geological surveys are increasingly engaged in environmental monitoring. This article explores the relationship between the provision of geological information, the need to do so impartially, and the role of advice in policy making. Finally, the relationship of geological societies and surveys to funding agencies and the role each plays in developing consensus about future research priorities are described.