Abstract

In the wake of the European invasion, the pre-colonial Native South underwent a fundamental transformation. The pre-colonial Mississippian chiefdoms fell, and the people restructured themselves into new kinds of societies adapted to living on the edge of an expanding European empire. We call these new societies "coalescent societies" because they were all coalescences of varying people, languages, and so on. This essay takes a close look at the origins of the coalescence of the Creek (Muscogee) Confederacy of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In this essay, I collate the most recent archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence into a single, coherent account of the Creek coalescence.

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