Abstract

IN writing the article Demons, Angels, and Spirits (Hebrew) for Hastings' Encyclopcedia of Religion and Ethics, considerable material was gathered on the names of individual spirits which the scope of the article --a part of an article on the spirits of all nations--made it impossible to use. The material is, accordingly, presented here. In the earlier time the various angels and demons in which the Hebrews believed were not sufficiently personal to bear individual names. Apart from Satan, Azazel, Rahab, Leviathan, and, possibly, Lilith, we find only names for classes of beings. A great change is traceable in the literature of the second century B.c. and the centuries which followed. Proper names were then bestowed upon many spirits both good and bad. Two of these names, Gabriel and Michael, occur in the Book of Daniel (8 16 10 13. 21), but the apocryphal literature affords a considerable number.

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