The origin of the H α line profiles in simulated disc galaxies

Abstract

ABSTRACT Observations of ionized H $\alpha$ gas in high-redshift disc galaxies have ubiquitously found significant line broadening, $\sigma _{\rm H\,\alpha }\sim 10{\!-\!}100\, {\rm km\, s^{-1}}$. To understand whether this broadening reflects gas turbulence within the interstellar medium (ISM) of galactic discs, or arises from out-of-plane emission in mass-loaded outflows, we perform radiation hydrodynamic simulations of isolated Milky Way-mass disc galaxies in a gas-poor (low-redshift) and gas rich (high-redshift) condition and create mock H $\alpha$ emission line profiles. We find that the majority of the total (integrated) ${\rm H\,\alpha }$ emission is confined within the ISM, with extraplanar gas contributing ${\sim} 45~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the extended profile wings ($v_z\ge 200$${\, \rm {km\, s^{-1}} }$) in the gas-rich galaxy. This substantiates using the ${\rm H\,\alpha }$ emission line as a tracer of mid-plane disc dynamics. We investigate the relative contribution of diffuse and dense ${\rm H\,\alpha }$ emitting gas, corresponding to diffuse ionized gas (DIG; $\rho \lesssim 0.1\, {\rm cm^{-3}}$, $T\sim 8\, 000$ K) and H ii regions ($\rho \gtrsim 10\, {\rm cm^{-3}}$, $T\sim 10\, 000$ K), respectively, and find that DIG contributes $f_{\rm DIG}\lesssim 10~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the total L$_{\rm H\alpha }$. However, the DIG can reach upwards of $\sigma _{\rm H\,\alpha } \sim 60{\!-\!}80\, {\rm km\, s^{-1}}$ while the H ii regions are much less turbulent $\sigma _{\rm H\,\alpha }\sim 10{\!-\!}40\, {\rm km\, s^{-1}}$. This implies that the $\sigma _{\rm H\,\alpha }$ observed using the full ${\rm H\,\alpha }$ emission line is dependent on the relative ${\rm H\,\alpha }$ contribution from DIG/H ii regions and a larger $f_{\rm DIG}$ would shift $\sigma _{\rm H\,\alpha }$ to higher values. Finally, we show that $\sigma _{\rm H\,\alpha }$ evolves, in both the DIG and H ii regions, with the galaxy gas fraction. Our high-redshift equivalent galaxy is roughly twice as turbulent, except for in the DIG which has a more shallow evolution.