Abstract
Gradient corrected density functional theory calculations have been performed on SnO in the litharge and idealized CsCl structures with the litharge structure in good agreement with experiment. The CsCl structured SnO has a spherical electron density whereas the litharge structured SnO has a nonspherical electron distribution. Such asymmetry is often attributed to a sterically active lone pair formed by the 5s2 electrons which does not take part in chemical bonding. However, analysis of the density of states and band structures indicates that the situation is more complicated. In CsCl structured SnO mixing of the Sn 5s with the oxygen 2p electronic states results in filled bonding and antibonding combinations. The antibonding combinations, at the top of valence band, can interact with Sn 5p to stabilize the structure, only when in the distorted litharge structure resulting in the asymmetric electron density. This is in contrast to the classical theory of hybridization of the tin 5s and 5p orbitals to form a “lone pair” as the asymmetric electron distribution is the result of the tin–oxygen covalent interactions.
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