The origin of long-lived asteroids in the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter

Abstract

The 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter harbours two distinct groups of asteroids. The short-lived population is known to be a transient group sustained in steady state by the Yarkovsky semimajor axis drift. The long-lived asteroids, however, can exhibit dynamical lifetimes comparable to $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$. They reside near two isolated islands of the phase space denoted $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{B}$, with an uneven population ratio $\mathrm{B}/\mathrm{A} \simeq 10$. The orbits of $\mathrm{A}$-island asteroids are predominantly highly inclined, compared to island $\mathrm{B}$. The size-frequency distribution is steep but the orbital distribution lacks any evidence of a collisional cluster. These observational constraints are somewhat puzzling and therefore the origin of the long-lived asteroids has not been explained so far. With the aim to provide a viable explanation, we first update the resonant population and revisit its physical properties. Using an $N$-body model with seven planets and the Yarkovsky effect included, we demonstrate that the dynamical depletion of island $\mathrm{A}$ is faster, in comparison with island $\mathrm{B}$. Then we investigate (i) the survivability of primordial resonant asteroids and (ii) capture of the population during planetary migration, following a recently described scenario with an escaping fifth giant planet and a jumping-Jupiter instability. We also model the collisional evolution of the resonant population over past $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$. Our conclusion is that the long-lived group was created by resonant capture from a narrow part of hypothetical outer main-belt family during planetary migration. Primordial asteroids surviving the migration were probably not numerous enough to substantially contribute to the observed population.