The origin of decoupled Hf–Nd isotope compositions in Eoarchean rocks from southern West Greenland

Abstract

Radiogenic isotope compositions of Hf and Nd are typically coupled in Phanerozoic and Proterozoic mafic rocks due to a similar behaviour of Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd during mantle melting. Eoarchean rocks, for instance those from southern West Greenland, exhibit an apparent decoupling of Hf and Nd isotope compositions. This apparent decoupling may either indicate metamorphic disturbance or, alternatively, mirror early differentiation processes in the silicate Earth. To evaluate the issue, we performed combined measurements of Hf–Nd isotope compositions together with major and trace element concentrations for well preserved >3720 to >3800Ma old tholeiitic metabasalts and gabbros from the ∼3700Ma and ∼3800Ma old terranes of the Isua Supracrustal Belt, southern West Greenland. In contrast to younger mafic rocks, calculated initial εHf–εNd values of the Isua tholeiites show similar spreads and are both near chondritic to strongly depleted (−0.7 to +6.3 and −0.8 to +4.4, respectively), also in contrast to previously reported more depleted signatures in nearby boninite-like metabasalts of the Garbenschiefer unit. An evaluation of alteration effects based on preserved major and trace element arrays reveals pristine magmatic trends and therefore the measured isotope compositions indeed in most cases characterize contrasting Eoarchean mantle sources. In accord with this view, compositions of the Isua metabasalts yield Eoarchean regression ages in Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf isochron spaces, overlapping with emplacement ages inferred from crosscutting relationships with tonalites. Lutetium–Hf systematics of the Isua metabasalts studied here, yield clear isochron relationships. For both terranes, there is some scatter in Sm–Nd space, indicating early disturbance of the Sm–Nd system close in time to the extrusion ages, possibly by seafloor alteration. Trace element compositions of the metabasalts indicate an arc setting and a strong source overprint by melt-like subduction components. It is likely, that the source overprint may have caused partial decoupling of the εHf–εNd values, due to selective addition of Nd as observed in modern subduction settings. In this case, the most radiogenic initial εNd and εHf isotope values characterize the most depleted mantle sources, and less radiogenic values would reflect increased contributions of isotopically more enriched subduction components. However, the most depleted samples still exhibit decoupled Hf–Nd compositions, making a case for the presence of even older mantle heterogeneities. A proposed superchondritic composition of the silicate Earth (SCHEM), however, cannot account for the most depleted sample compositions. Conversely, a depleted upper mantle formed by crystallization of perovskite-rich cumulates in the early Hadean may well explain these observed compositions. A literature survey reveals an overlap in initial Hf–Nd compositions between southern West Greenland TTGs and the metabasalts analyzed here. This overlap suggests a genetic relationship between these lithologies, where the TTGs may have inherited their unusual Hf–Nd compositions from mafic precursors isotopically similar in composition to the Isua tholeiites.