Abstract

A brief history of colloid chemistry and membrane theory is given, with particular attention to the work by Bernstein, Hodgkin, Huxley, and Katz. Available energy is discussed in terms of the energy required to operate a Na+ pump. The association-induction (AI) hypothesis is explored in the context of cell K+ and cell water, in vitro and in vivo testing. A subsidiary of the AI hypothesis, the surface adsorption theory of cell potential, is discussed with respect to model studies, living cells, and cellular resting potentials involving cooperative interaction among surface anionic sites.

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