The Organization of the Inner Retina in a Pure-Rod Deep-Sea Fish

Abstract

The pure rod retina of a deep-sea eel species was used as a model system for the study of the differentiation of horizontal, bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. We wanted to test the hypothesis that the functional organization of the inner retina is less complex than in species with duplex, rod- and cone-containing retinae. We used immunocytochemistry, backfilling ganglion cells with fluorescent dextranes and microinjection of Lucifer Yellow, to visualize the micromorphology of the various cell types in a confocal microscope. The pure rod retina contains a single type of horizontal cell. The inner plexiform layer is 10–15 µm thick and shows three main sublayers. Bipolar terminals are found in all sublayers, but the majority are found in the inner sublamina b (PKC-immunoreactive cells, that in fish with duplex retinae receive a mixed rod-cone input). The neurochemical diversity of amacrine cells in terms of immunoreactivity does not differ from other teleosts; this similarity includes the pattern of dendritic stratification and ramification as revealed by microinjection. Ten different types of ganglion cells are distinguished based on the sizes of their perikaryon and dendritic field, and the stratification pattern in the inner plexiform layer. This is similar to the situation in catfish with retinae containing a single type of cone in addition to a majority of rods. In this respect, the differences between pure rod retinae and duplex retinae containing a single cone type were less obvious than hypothesized. In the deep-sea eel, the density of dendritic ramification in amacrine and ganglion cells was strongly reduced. This may be functionally related to the fact that vision in the deep sea environment relies exclusively on bioluminescence and is represented by burst-like emissions of point sources. This requires a mode of retinal signal processing that is less complex than in duplex retinae and involves a lower density of dendritic branching and synapses.