Abstract
Black stain (BS) is a characteristic extrinsic discoloration, which occurs along the third cervical line of the buccal and/or lingual surfaces of teeth, particularly in the primary dentition of humans. BS is produced by oral bacteria and byproducts of saliva, but there is a controversy about related bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify the oral microbiome in tooth BS using pyrosequencing. It was hypothesized that the oral microbiome of BS in children might be related to black-pigment producing bacteria. Supragingival dental plaque was obtained from six children (mean 8.1 years) with BS and four children (mean 8.3 years) without BS. The bacterial metagenome was obtained by pyrosequencing. The BS group contained 348 operative taxonomic units (OTUs), whereas the control group had 293 OTUs. Microbial abundance and diversity were significantly higher in the BS group (p < 0.05). In the heatmap, the correlation between samples was the same as the BS scale. At the genus level, six genera—Abiotrophia, Eikenella, Granulicatella, Neisseria, Porphyromonas and Streptococcus—were significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05). We suggested that compositional changes in the oral microbiome are essential, and several species in the genus Neisseria, Porphyromonas and Streptococcus may be major contributors for BS formation. Although the number of subjects was relatively limited, our study is the first species-level analysis of pyrosequencing data in BS formation.
Highlights
Black stain (BS) is a characteristic, extrinsic dental discoloration that occurs on the cervical third of the tooth and follows the contour of the gingival margin, in primary dentition [1]
The ferric sulfide may be formed through a reaction between hydrogen sulfide produced by bacterial action and iron in saliva or gingival exudates
We used pyrosequencing analysis of supragingival dental plaque of children with and without BS to understand the microbiological aspects of BS, which may lead to better prevention and treatment for BS
Summary
Black stain (BS) is a characteristic, extrinsic dental discoloration that occurs on the cervical third of the tooth and follows the contour of the gingival margin, in primary dentition [1]. BS is thought to be a special form of dental plaque related to calcification because it contains an insoluble ferric salt, which is likely ferric sulfide, and has high calcium and phosphate contents [2]. The ferric sulfide may be formed through a reaction between hydrogen sulfide produced by bacterial action and iron in saliva or gingival exudates. Studies have shown no difference in occurrence between the sexes [1]. A recent study of more than 3000 people found no association between dental caries and BS [5]
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