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Abstract
Many plant species have two modes of reproduction: sexual and asexual. Both modes of reproduction have often been viewed as adaptations to temporally or spatially variable environments. The plant should adjust partitioning to match changes in the estimated success of the two reproductive modes. Perennial plants showed that favorable habitats in soil nutrients or water content tend to promote clonal growth over sexual reproduction. In contrast, under high light-quantity conditions, clonal plants tend to allocate more biomass to sexual reproduction and less to clonal propagation. On the other hand, plants with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers provides with a greater tendency of the opportunity to ensure some seed set in any stressful environmental conditions such as low light, low soil nutrients, or low soil moisture. It is considered that vegetative reproduction has high competitive ability and is the major means to expand established population of perennial plants, whereas cleistogamous reproduction is insurance to persist in stressful sites due to being strong. Chasmogamous reproduction mainly enhances established and new population. Therefore, the functions of sexual and asexual propagules of perennial or annual plants differ from each other. These traits of propagule thus determine its success at a particular region of any environmental gradients. Eventually, if environmental resources or stress levels change in either space or time, species composition will probably also change. The reason based on which the plants differ with respect to favored reproduction modes in each environmental condition, may be involved in their specific realized niche.
Highlights
Many plant species have two reproductive modes: sexual and asexual reproduction
Most of the clonal plants mainly rely on clonal propagation and exhibit lower rate of sexual reproduction (Eckert 2002)
A general trend on selection of reproductive modes in relation to soil nutrients level in plants with chasmogamy and cleistogamy High nutrient treatments generally increased the allocation of chasmogamous propagation, compared to lownutrient treatments in Calathea micans (Corff 1993), Triplasis purpurea (Cheplick 1996), Emex spinosa (Weiss 1980; Sadeh et al 2009), and Persicaria thunbergii (Kim et al 2016)
Summary
Many plant species have two reproductive modes: sexual and asexual reproduction. For example, most of the perennial clonal plants possess the capacity for both sexual reproduction through seeds and asexual reproduction through vegetative propagation (Klimes et al 1997). A general trend on selection of reproductive modes in relation to soil water level in perennial Wet habitats favored relatively more vegetative propagation, while dry conditions favored sexual reproduction in Cyperus esculentus (Li et al 2001b) (see Table 2).
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