Abstract
Digital coherent optical systems use advanced digital signal processing and modulation techniques at the transmitter and receiver. Therefore, we begin this chapter by reviewing the fundamentals of digital communications, including principles of modulation, channel modeling, and detection. After that, we analyze the basic building blocks that make up an optical transmitter applied in coherent systems. We briefly review the basic principles of the laser. Then, we study the architecture of typical optical modulators used in systems with multilevel modulation and polarization multiplexing. Based on the structure of simple Mach–Zehnder modulators, we present architectures for in-phase and quadrature modulators and dual-polarization modulators.
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