Abstract
Worldwide, damage to mangroves is alarming. Restoration is required to recover mangrove ecosystems, and communities’ involvement is a primary factor to reduce the threat to mangroves. Their participation might be interpreted as the appropriate decision concerning conservation and utilization of mangroves. Using a contingent valuation approach, this study assesses mangroves’ values to local communities through their willingness to contribute labor to obtain monetary value. Results showed that the opportunity cost of time was valued at IDR 398.76 thousand (US$29.99) a month or IDR 4.79 million (US$359.90) per year. A total annual benefit of mangrove restoration using the wage rate of time (WRT) is IDR 143 billion (US$10.77 million) per year. Accessing such information is crucial to making the appropriate decisions about conservation of mangroves within the context of developing countries that have poor coastal communities and low incomes. Tobit regression determined that five variables affect willingness to provide labor time and WRT significantly for mangrove restoration. These findings can support decision-makers with the relevant information for assessing a mangrove restoration project.
Highlights
Mangroves produce ecological and economic services for humans
In this study, using contingent valuation method (CVM) payment in a labor contribution design, we attempt to convert labor-time donation of households to monetary value of the benefits that local communities receive from restoration of mangroves
We identify how socio-economic characteristics of families and their awareness affect whether they are willing to contribute labor to mangrove restoration
Summary
Mangroves produce ecological and economic services for humans. They protect the area from tidal waves and erosion [1], improve water quality and control sediment [2]. Mangroves provide approximately US$1.6 billion per year in ecosystem benefits worldwide, supporting the economy in coastal areas [5,6]. Mangroves have declined significantly worldwide, a decrease of 20% in the last 25 years [2,7]. Giesen et al [9] reported that approximately 33% of Indonesian mangroves areas decreased between 1980 and 2000. In this period, 4.5 million hectares of mangroves areas fell to under 3 million hectares. Indonesia has the greatest variety of species worldwide, accounting for 45 out of the 75 species
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