Abstract
The paper deals with the issues related to the operation and capacity fade modelling of lithium-ion cells. It includes the presentation of the electrochemical model of the cell in which the phenomenon of diffusion and transfer of charge on electrodes and in electrolyte was discussed. The circuit model of the cell designed for analysis of its behaviour in the conditions of the dynamically variable load was presented. The key aging processes which occur during the operation of the cells were characterised, and their impact on the wear of the cell was discussed. The model of the capacity fade of the lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt cell was developed. The model parameters depends on the ambient temperature, the value of load current and the value of the average charge current. The results of the model were verified with the laboratory measurement.
Highlights
The rapid civilisational and technological developments observed nowadays has caused a greater and greater demand for electricity
The operation of these storages is contingent upon many chemical processes; different model types are used for the purpose of mapping of their operation
The most frequently conducted studies refer to the impact of the respective factors which have a dominant impact on the capacity fade, such as ambient temperature, depth of discharge (DOD) and values of cyclic operation parameters
Summary
The rapid civilisational and technological developments observed nowadays has caused a greater and greater demand for electricity. Analyses related to the behaviour of energy storage in buses and electric cars have been conducted in many research centres all over the world Most frequently, they refer to the operation of electrochemical batteries and supercapacitors – often operating in the hybrid system [1,2]. The most frequently conducted studies refer to the impact of the respective factors which have a dominant impact on the capacity fade, such as ambient temperature, depth of discharge (DOD) and values of cyclic operation parameters (load/charge currents, cut-off charge voltage). Such an approach for the lithium-ionphosphate cell was presented in papers [3,4]
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