Abstract
ABSTRACT Openness and collaboration in scientific research are attracting increasing attention from scholars and practitioners alike. However, a common understanding of these phenomena is hindered by disciplinary boundaries and disconnected research streams. We link dispersed knowledge on Open Innovation, Open Science, and related concepts such as Responsible Research and Innovation by proposing a unifying Open Innovation in Science (OIS) Research Framework. This framework captures the antecedents, contingencies, and consequences of open and collaborative practices along the entire process of generating and disseminating scientific insights and translating them into innovation. Moreover, it elucidates individual-, team-, organisation-, field-, and society‐level factors shaping OIS practices. To conceptualise the framework, we employed a collaborative approach involving 47 scholars from multiple disciplines, highlighting both tensions and commonalities between existing approaches. The OIS Research Framework thus serves as a basis for future research, informs policy discussions, and provides guidance to scientists and practitioners.
Highlights
The purpose of scientific research is to produce reliable knowledge and work towards understanding and solving societal, technical, and environmental challenges (Stokes 2011; Bush 1945)
We argue that placing these concepts into relation helps us to form a more compre hensive picture of the various factors shaping open and collaborative practices in science
We suggest that bringing together the complementary concepts of Open Science and Open Innovation makes it possible to examine specific exchange relationships and translation services between science and other sectors of society. To better integrate these concepts, we propose the concept of Open Innovation in Science (OIS) as a unifying foundation for advancing our understanding of antecedents, con tingencies, and consequences related to applying open and collaborative research prac tices along the entire process of generating and disseminating new scientific insights and translating them into innovation
Summary
The purpose of scientific research is to produce reliable knowledge and work towards understanding and solving societal, technical, and environmental challenges (Stokes 2011; Bush 1945). Anticipated in early work by critics demanding a more ‘social orientation of science’ (Schroyer 1984, 715), new context-driven modes of knowledge production have developed that are centrally concerned with solving societal problems and are more likely to transgress traditional disciplinary boundaries or distinc tions between academic and applied research (Gibbons et al 1994). Taking stock of these shifts, Dasgupta and David (1994) formulated a ‘new economics of science’, today one of the cornerstones of our understanding of the mechanisms of scientific openness and collaboration. Changing conditions both within science (e.g. increased compe tition for permanent positions, increased specialisation, the globalisation of the scientific workforce) and outside of it (e.g. professionalisation of non-scientific actors, calls for public engagement and the democratisation of science, policy-driven agenda setting, global crises such as the COVID-19 outbreak) require a novel approach to thinking about the antecedents, contingencies, and consequences of openness and collaboration in science in a more integrated way
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