Abstract
Titanium specimens have been proven to be safe and effective biomaterials in terms of their osseo-integration. To improve the bioactivity and develop customized implants titanium, the surface can be modified with selective laser melting (SLM). Moreover, the design of macro-porous structures has become popular for reaching a durable bone fixation. 3D-printed titanium (Titanium A, B, and C), were cleaned using an organic acid treatment or with electrochemical polishing, and were characterized in terms of their surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy. Next, Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) were cultured on titanium in order to analyze their biocompatibility, cell adhesion, and osteoconductive properties. All tested specimens were biocompatible, due to the time-dependent increase of DPSC proliferation paralleled by the decrease of LDH released. Furthermore, data highlighted that the open cell form with interconnected pores of titanium A, resembling the inner structure of the native bone, allows cells to better adhere inside the specimen, being proteins related to cell adherence highly expressed. Likewise, titanium A displays more suitable osteoconductive properties, being the profile of osteogenic markers improved compared to titanium B and C. The present work has demonstrated that the inner design and post-production treatments on titanium surfaces have a dynamic influence on DPSC behavior toward adhesion and osteogenic commitment.
Highlights
IntroductionMany options exist to replace missing teeth, the use of dental implants has become one of the most suitable strategies for replacing one or more missing teeth within recent decades
Dental caries and periodontitis affect millions of people worldwide and can have an irreversible impact on individuals causing severe tooth loss and diminished quality of life.Many options exist to replace missing teeth, the use of dental implants has become one of the most suitable strategies for replacing one or more missing teeth within recent decades
The present study aims at investigating the effect of suitable osteoconductive 3Dprinted titanium specimens in terms of biocompatibility and of differentiation induction in in vitro cultured Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs)
Summary
Many options exist to replace missing teeth, the use of dental implants has become one of the most suitable strategies for replacing one or more missing teeth within recent decades. The surface properties of titanium and its alloys are commonly modified using different techniques, including additive manufacturing (AM), to improve the osseo-integration of dental implants and to develop customized implants with unrestricted geometries, controlled surface characteristics, and different porosity levels. Powder bed fusion (PBF) is the most popular metal AM method with bulksupplied feedstock. Macro-porous structures have become popular strategies for obtaining a durable bone fixation. Several studies have demonstrated that the implant surface topography, and an open interconnected porous structure with pores in the range of 200–400 μm, are required for bone regeneration and play a pivotal role in many peri-implant cellular and molecular mechanisms [4,5]
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