The on-orbit calibration of the Fermi Large Area Telescope

A A Abdo ,K Fouts,A Sacchetti,F Kuehn,G Busetto,A Brez,L Tibaldo,R Bellazzini,G Godfrey,C Farnier,J Knödlseder,D Freytag,B Berenji,M Razzano,P Fleury,J Cohen-Tanugi,E Hays,R Claus,V Pelassa,S Mcglynn,C Favuzzi,G Tosti,M Huffer,D Parent,J Kataoka,T Ohsugi,V Vitale,A Kavelaars,D Bisello,L Latronico,D Bastieri,P Carlson,N Virmani,B Lott,M Ackermann,E Do Couto E Silva,E Cavazzuti,E Charles,M Kerr,G Mazzenga,W Mitthumsiri,A Sander,B Anderson,L Nilsson,M Ziegler,H Takahashi,M Turri,E Nuss,J Bregeon,S Ciprini,B Marangelli,T Takahashi,A Paccagnella,S Cutini,E Moretti,P Fusco,C Monte,C Lavalley,A Sellerholm,S.-H Lee,O Tibolla,J Conrad,E Bonamente,T Kamae,F Longo,J Chiang,D Fabiani,P Picozza,E Orlando,G Haller,P Lubrano,A De Angelis,B Giebels,G Barbiellini,Z Fewtrell,M Kuss,M Brigida,N Gehrels,D Dumora,P Spinelli,D May,M Hakimi,R Rando,A Morselli,Y Fukazawa,N Giglietto,F Piron,M.-H Grondin,M.M Massai,A Bouvier,O Ferreira,N Omodei,M Minuti,T Glanzman,Y Edmonds,A Tramacere,G Bogaert,D.K Lung,S Germani,P Wang,H Katagiri,M Roth,J Ballet,A Makeev,S Ritz,P Bruel,W Klamra,F De Palma,M Ceccanti,P Bourgeois,S Funk,R Chipaux,P Hascall,G Spandre,S Robinson,M Sugizaki,N Saggini,R Dubois,A Chekhtman,S Rainò,M Ohno,P Mitra,C Meurer,S Murgia,M Axelsson,M Pesce-Rollins,N Mirizzi,T Reposeur,D Gasparrini,S Guiriec,C Sgrò,K Bechtol,B Lee,L Guillemot,T Ylinen,L Sapozhnikov,M Ajello,A Reimer,F Bellardi,F Belli,D Paneque,M Deklotz,M Mongelli,A Tenze,F Loparco,R Bagagli,F Giordano,J Bartelt,N Vilchez,M Dormody,J Ampe,M Frailis,Y Hanabata,F Gargano,E Bissaldi,H Tajima,T Mizuno,M Campell,F Ryde,C Cecchi,J G Thayer ,William Raynor ,L Wai ,J B Thayer ,D Bédérède ,Roger W Romani ,Philip Hart ,D J Thompson ,D J Suson ,M N Lovellette ,I A Grenier ,T E Stephens ,D L Wood ,W N Johnson ,T Usher ,M N Mazziotta ,J M Casandjian ,A W Borgland ,Marco Marchetti ,A Cillis ,M S Strickman ,I V Moskalenko ,Masanori Ozaki ,O H Saxton ,P D Smith ,Lynn Rochester ,R E Hughes ,B L Winer ,C D Dermer ,T J Johnson ,Hajimu Yasuda ,E C Ferrara ,W B Atwood ,David Davis ,Shantha Condamoor ,M Lemoine‐Goumard ,B M Baughman ,W B Focke ,P A Caraveo ,E D Bloom ,Jean-Luc Starck ,J E Grove ,Emilio Rapposelli ,T H Burnett ,A Y Rodriguez ,H F-W Sadrozinski ,P.v Dizon ,E J Siskind ,M E Monzani ,D F Torres ,Takaaki Tanaka ,David Sánchez ,Michele Pinchera ,P S Drell ,J F Ormes ,A W Strong ,G A Caliandro ,S W Digel ,Luis Reyes ,R A Cameron ,R P Johnson ,A P Waite ,J R Bogart ,P L Nolan ,C C Cheung ,R H D Corbet ,Byron E Leas ,Heather Kelly ,M Kocian ,M Pepé ,J Panetta ,A S Johnson ,G Madejski ,David J Nelson ,Luca Baldini ,Seiji Nishino ,А А Моисеев ,P M Saz Parkinson ,K S Wood ,Staffan Carius ,G Jøhannesson ,J E Mcenery ,T A Porter ,P F Michelson ,David A Smith ,D Flath ,J A Goodman

doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2009.08.002

Abstract

The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on-board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope began its on-orbit operations on June 23, 2008. Calibrations, defined in a generic sense, correspond to synchronization of trigger signals, optimization of delays for latching data, determination of detector thresholds, gains and responses, evaluation of the perimeter of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), measurements of live time, of absolute time, and internal and spacecraft boresight alignments. Here we describe on-orbit calibration results obtained using known astrophysical sources, galactic cosmic rays, and charge injection into the front-end electronics of each detector. Instrument response functions will be described in a separate publication. This paper demonstrates the stability of calibrations and describes minor changes observed since launch. These results have been used to calibrate the LAT datasets to be publicly released in August 2009.

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