Abstract
The advent of large-scale cabled ocean observatories brought about the need to handle large amounts of ocean-based data, continuously recorded at a high sampling rate over many years and made accessible in near-real time to the ocean science community and the public. Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) commenced installing and operating two regional cabled observatories on Canada’s Pacific Coast, VENUS inshore and NEPTUNE offshore in the 2000s, and later expanded to include observatories in the Atlantic and Arctic in the 2010s. The first data streams from the cabled instrument nodes started flowing in February 2006. This paper describes Oceans 2.0 and Oceans 3.0, the comprehensive Data Management and Archival System that ONC developed to capture all data and associated metadata into an ever-expanding dynamic database. Oceans 2.0 was the name for this software system from 2006–2021; in 2022, ONC revised this name to Oceans 3.0, reflecting the system’s many new and planned capabilities aligning with Web 3.0 concepts. Oceans 3.0 comprises both tools to manage the data acquisition and archival of all instrumental assets managed by ONC as well as end-user tools to discover, process, visualize and download the data. Oceans 3.0 rests upon ten foundational pillars: (1) A robust and stable system architecture to serve as the backbone within a context of constant technological progress and evolving needs of the operators and end users; (2) a data acquisition and archival framework for infrastructure management and data recording, including instrument drivers and parsers to capture all data and observatory actions, alongside task management options and support for data versioning; (3) a metadata system tracking all the details necessary to archive Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reproducible (FAIR) data from all scientific and non-scientific sensors; (4) a data Quality Assurance and Quality Control lifecycle with a consistent workflow and automated testing to detect instrument, data and network issues; (5) a data product pipeline ensuring the data are served in a wide variety of standard formats; (6) data discovery and access tools, both generalized and use-specific, allowing users to find and access data of interest; (7) an Application Programming Interface that enables scripted data discovery and access; (8) capabilities for customized and interactive data handling such as annotating videos or ingesting individual campaign-based data sets; (9) a system for generating persistent data identifiers and data citations, which supports interoperability with external data repositories; (10) capabilities to automatically detect and react to emergent events such as earthquakes. With a growing database and advancing technological capabilities, Oceans 3.0 is evolving toward a future in which the old paradigm of downloading packaged data files transitions to the new paradigm of cloud-based environments for data discovery, processing, analysis, and exchange.
Highlights
About Ocean Networks CanadaOcean Networks Canada (ONC), a University of Victoria initiative, operates world-class cabled ocean observatories in the northeast Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic Ocean basins for the advancement of science and the benefit of Canada
The innovative cabled infrastructure supplies continuous power and Internet connectivity to a broad suite of subsea instruments from coastal to deep-ocean environments. These observatories are supplemented by sensors installed on ferries, autonomous gliders and moorings, coastal radars, and other instrument technologies. Data acquired through these systems are provided freely and in near real time, from thousands of instruments distributed across some of the most diverse ocean environments found anywhere on Earth
The rest of this review explores Oceans 2.0/3.0 features in depth
Summary
Ocean Networks Canada (ONC), a University of Victoria initiative, operates world-class cabled ocean observatories in the northeast Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic Ocean basins for the advancement of science and the benefit of Canada. With an operational design life of more than 25 years, the Ocean Networks Canada infrastructure collects and provides essential data required to address pressing scientific and policy issues. An integral aspect of Ocean Networks Canada facility design, and a key enabler of multi- and trans-disciplinary research, is the ability to coordinate observations between completely different observing systems (such as satellites and in situ sensors). This is only possible if a single, very accurate clock signal is available to synchronize all the readings from all instruments.
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