Abstract
Modified Ekman spirals developed beneath the ice in an upper layer extending to a depth of 15–25 m during the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment pilot experiment under storm conditions with rapid ice drift. A momentum integral method has been used to evaluate ice-water stress from profiles of current velocity. Maximum hourly mean stress was 1.66 dyn/cm2. The balance of forces on the ice for cases when wind speed exceeded 5 m/s showed a consistent pattern. Ice-water stress, air-water stress, and Coriolis force were all of the same magnitude. The pressure gradient force was, however, much smaller than these. Internal ice resistance, found as a residual from the force diagram, was directed about 135° to the left of the ice drift.
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